>This may mean I was too late and the colony was already doomed?
Most likely doomed, though it might take a couple of months. If you catch it early enough
Yes that is the BIG IF. Varroa level should be at low level all the time, at least in spring. It is difiicult notice over load in the middle of summer. When bees are raising last brood in late summer, mites go into those brood. And nothing helps any more, oxalic or baywarol. From drone pupas you perhaps get a glance how much hive has mites.